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College Board Essential Knowledge

Chapter 31 Homeostasis

2.A.1.d Organisms use free energy to maintain organization, grow and reproduce.

2.A.1.d.1 Organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism.

2.A.1.d.1.IE Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain 
homeostatic body temperature

2.A.1.d.1.IE Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain 
body temperature

(Will need outside source for endotherm and ectotherm topic: Campbell ok)

2.A.1.d.3 There is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms – generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate. 
( Campbell)

2.A.2.g.5 In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport 
is involved in thermoregulation. NOTEs: Coupled reactions are reactions that occur in the 
same place, at the same time, and in such a way

that an energy-releasing (exergonic reaction) drives an energy requiring (endergonic 
reaction). Electrons provide energy to build ATP. Decoupling is these two reactions not 
working together.

2.A.2.g.5 In cellular respiration, decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron 
 transport is involved in thermoregulation. Very deep reading:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK21528/

2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and 
respond to external environmental changes.

2.C.1.a. Negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular 
condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition
back to its target set point.

2.C.1.a.IE Operon in Gene Regulation (Make something if you don’t have it; when you have it, 
it will bind and shut it off) Temperature regulation in animals; Plant responses to water 
limitations.

2.C.1.b. Positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological 
organisms. The variable initiating the response is moved farther away from the initial 
set-point. Amplification occurs when the stimulus is further activated which, in turn, 
initiates an additional response that produces system change.

2.C.1.b.IE Lactation in mammals; Onset of labor in childbirth; Ripening of fruit.

2.C.2.Organisms respond to changes in their external environments

2.C.2.a Organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and 
physiological mechanisms.

2.C.2.a.IE Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants; hibernation and migration in animals; 
taxis and kinesis in animals; chemotaxis in bacteria; sexual reproduction in fungi; nocturnal 
and diurnal activity; circadian rhythms; shivering and sweating in humans.

2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestory and divergence due to 
adaptation in different environments.

2.D.2.a Continuity of homeostatic mechanisms reflects common ancestry, while changes 
may occur in response to different environmental conditions.

Chapter 32: FISH FROGS MAMMALS

Circulatory System

2.C.1.c.IE Alteration in the mechanisms of feedback often results in deleterious 
consequences. IE. Blood Clotting. Mader and Campbell. Campbell p. 882

2.D.2.c. IE Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants, and animals support 
common ancestory. Example: Circulatory systems of fish, amphibians, and mammals. 
Page 609 Mader; Campbell p. 870

Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanism) 
Campbell p. 885 and 836

4.A.4.b.IE Interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological 
activities. Such as circulatory and respiratory

4.B.2.a.2.IE Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes to the overall functioning of the organism. Such as: Circulation of fluids. 


Chapter 33 Immunity

2.D.3. Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.

2.D.3.a. Disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism. 

IE: Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins and allergens.

2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect 

dynamic homeostasis.

2.D.4.a. Plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific, immune responses.

2.D.4.a.IE Invertebrates immune systems have nonespecific response mechanisms, but they 

lack pathogen-specific defense responses; Vertebrates immune systems have nonspecific 
and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens.

2.D.4.b Mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents 

that disrupt dynamic homeostasis.

2.D.4.b.1 The mammalian immune system includes two types of specific responses: cell 

mediated and humoral.

2.D.4.b.2 In the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood 

cells, "target" intracellular pathogens when antigens are displayed on the outside of the cells.

2.D.4.b.3 In the humoral response, B cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood cell, produce 

antibodies against specific antigens.

2.D.4.b.4 Antigens are recognized by antibodies to the anitgen.

2.D.4.b.5 Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells, and each antibody is

specific to a particular antigen.

2.D.4.b.6 A second exposure to an antigen results in a more rapid and enhanced immune 

response.

2.E.1.c.IE Programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a role in the normal development and differentiation: IE: Immune function

3.D.2.a.IE Immune cells interact cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper 

T-cells and killer T cells

4.C.1.a.IE Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms with a wider range 

of functions. IE: MHC proteins; Molecular diversity of antibodies in response to an antigen.

4.C.3.b.IE Not all individuals in a population in a disease outbreak are equally affected; some 

may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune 
and resistant to the disease

Chapter 34 Gastro
2.A.3.b.1.IE As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and
demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary
to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These
limitations restrict cell size. For example: Microvilli
2.D.2.b.IE Organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and
eliminating wastes. IE: Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles,
gastrovascular cavities, one way digestive systems.
4.A.4.a.IE Interactions and coordination between organs provide essential
biological activities. IE: Stomach and small intestines.
4.B.2.a.2.IE Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes
to the overall functioning of the organism. IE: Digestion of food

Chapter 35 Respiratory
2.A.3.b.1.IE As cells increase in volume, the relative surface area decreases and
demand for material resources increases; more cellular structures are necessary
to adequately exchange materials and energy with the environment. These
limitations restrict cell size. IE: Cells of the alveoli
2.D.2.b.IE Organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and
eliminating wastes. IE Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals.
4.A.4.b.IE Interactions and coordinations between systems provide essential
biological activities. IE: Respiratory and circulatory
4.B.2.a.2.IE Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes
to the overall functioning of the organism. IE: Exchange of gases
4.C.1.a.IE Variations within molecular classes provide cells and organisms
with a wider range of functions. IE: Different types of hemoglobins

Chapter 36: Osmoregulation/Renal
2.D.2.c.IE Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants and
animals support common ancestry. IE: Excretory systems in flatworms,
earthworms, and vertebrates; Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists;
2.D.2.b.IE Organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and
eliminating wastes. IE: Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals.
4.A.4.a.IE Organisms exhibit complex properties due to interactions between
their constituent parts. IE: Kidney and bladder
4.B.2.a.2.IE Within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes
to the overall functioning of the organism.

Chapter 37/38: Nervous/Sensory
2.B.2.a.2.IE Membrane proteins play a role in facilitated diffusion
of charged and polar molecules through a membrane. IE: Na/K transport.
2.D.3.a.IE Disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism.
3.E.2 Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate, 
information, and produce responses.
3.E.2.a. The neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function.
3.E.2.a.1 A typical neuron has a cell body, axon and dendrites. Many axons have a myelin sheath that acts 
as an electrical insulator.
3.E.2.a.2 The structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission and integration 
of signal information.
3.E.2.a.3 Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath, are separated by gaps of unsheathed axon over 
which the impulse travels as the signal propagates along the neuron.
3.E.2.b. Action potentials propagate impulses along neurons.
3.E.2.b.1 Membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes.
3.E.2.b.2 In response to a stimulus, Na and K gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane 
to become locally depolarized.
3.E.2.b.3 Na/K pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential.
3.E.2.c. Transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapses.
3.E.2.c.1 In most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical messengers called 
neurotransmitters.
3.E.2.c.1.IE Acteylcholine, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine, Serotonin, GABA
3.E.2.c.2 Transmission of information along neurons and synapses results in a response
3.E.2.c.3 The response can be stimulatory or inhibitory
3.E.2.d.IE Different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions. IE: Vision, Hearing, Muscle Movement, Abstract thought and emotions, Neuro-hormone production, Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem) and hindbrain (cerebellum)
4.A.4.b.IE Interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological activities. 
such as Nervous and Muscular