Cell Communication:
3.B.2 A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.
3.B.2.a Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression.
3.B.2.a.IE Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division.
3.B.2.a.IE Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression.
3.B.2.a.IE Levels of camp regulate metabolic gene expression in bacteria
3.B.2,a,IE Expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals.
3.B.2.a.IE Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruit to ripen.
3.B.2.a.IE Seed germination and gibberellin.
3.B.2.b. Signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function.
3.B.2.b.IE Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction.
3.B.2.b.IE Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development.
3.B.2.b.IE Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer
p53 is a morphogen. It repairs DNA after regulation or sends into apoptosis.
3.B.2.b.IE HOX genes and their role in development.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3.D.1.a Communication involves transduction of stimulatory or inhibitory signals from other cells,
organisms or the environment.
3.D.1.b. Correct and appropriate signal transduction processes are generally under strong selective
pressure.
3.D.1.c. In single-celled organisms, signal transduction pathways influence how the cell responds to its
environment.
3.D.1.c.IE Use of chemical messengers in microbes to communicate with other nearby cells and to
regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) same videos below as
at beginning of document.
3.D.1.c.IE Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways.
3.D.1.c.IE Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement.
3.D.1.d In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual
cells that support the function of the organism as a whole.
3.D.1.d.IE Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals. (in Bozeman video)
3.D.1.d.IE Temperature determination of sex in some vertebrate organisms
3.D.1.d.IE DNA repair mechanisms
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance
via chemical signaling.
3.D.2.a Cells communicate by cell to cell contact
3.D.2.a. IE Immune cells interact by cell to cell contact, antigen presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells
and killer T-cells.
3.D.2.a. IE Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell.
3.D.2.b Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity
of the emitting cell.
3.D.2.b.IE Neurotransmitters
3.D.2.b.IE Plant immune responses
3.D.2.b.IE Quorum sensing in bacteria (Bozeman video)
3.D.2.b.IE Morphogens in embryonic development (HOX genes – will discuss in development chapter)
3.D.2.c Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type.
3.D.2.c.1 Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are
specific and can travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of the body.
3.D.2.c.1.IE Insulin, HGH, Thyroid Hormone, Testosterone, Estrogen. (we will cover in endocrine chapter)
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. Bozeman videos
3.D.3.a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein.
Bozeman video
3.D.3.a.1 Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers, which can be peptides, small
chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one relationship.
3.D.3.a.2 A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein’s shape to
change, which initiates transduction of the signal. Bozeman video
3.D.3.a.2 IE G-protein linked receptors Bozeman video
plus
3.D.3.a.2. IE Ligand-gated ion channels
3.D.3.a.2 IE Receptor tyrosine kinases
3.D.3.b Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response.
3.D.3.b.1 Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to cell targets, often amplifying the incoming
signals, with the result of appropriate response by the cell.
3.D.3.b.2 Second messengers are often essential to the function of the cascade. We will see this
diagram in endocrine chapter
Examples of second messengers:
3.D.3.b.2.IE Ligand-gated ion channels.
3.D.3.b.2.IE Second-messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+) and inositol
triphosphate (IP3)
3.D.3.b.3 Many signal transduction pathways include:
i. Protein modifications (IE: how methylation changes the signaling process)
ii. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein kinases add a phosphate group to the next
protein in the cascade sequence.
3.D.4 Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
3.D.4.a. Conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative
or prophylactic.
Examples:
3.D.4.a.IE Diabetes (sugar interring cells), heart disease (electric signals between gap junctions not going
through), neurological disease (defect at synapse), autoimmune disease (immune system not recognizing
self from not self), cancer (proliferation of cells), cholera (bacterial problem in digestive)
3.D.4.a.IE Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides.
3.D.4.a.IE Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines and Birth Control Drugs)
Endocrine
ENDOCRINE:
2.C.1.c Alteration in the mechanisms of feedback often results in deleterious consequences. For
example: Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased insulin; Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Grave's disease. (thyroid)
3.D.2.c.1 Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are
specific and can travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of the body. Such as: Insulin,
Human Growth Hormone, Thyroid Hormones, Testosterone, Estrogen.
2.A.1.d.2 Reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance
and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability.
IE: Seasonal reproduction in animals, and Life-history strategy (reproductive dipause)
3.B.2 A variety of intercellular and intracellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.
3.B.2.a Signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression.
3.B.2.a.IE Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow for cell replication and division.
3.B.2.a.IE Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating gene expression.
3.B.2.a.IE Levels of camp regulate metabolic gene expression in bacteria
3.B.2,a,IE Expression of the SRY gene triggers the male sexual development pathway in animals.
3.B.2.a.IE Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruit to ripen.
3.B.2.a.IE Seed germination and gibberellin.
3.B.2.b. Signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function.
3.B.2.b.IE Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction.
3.B.2.b.IE Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development.
3.B.2.b.IE Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer
p53 is a morphogen. It repairs DNA after regulation or sends into apoptosis.
3.B.2.b.IE HOX genes and their role in development.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3.D.1.a Communication involves transduction of stimulatory or inhibitory signals from other cells,
organisms or the environment.
3.D.1.b. Correct and appropriate signal transduction processes are generally under strong selective
pressure.
3.D.1.c. In single-celled organisms, signal transduction pathways influence how the cell responds to its
environment.
3.D.1.c.IE Use of chemical messengers in microbes to communicate with other nearby cells and to
regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) same videos below as
at beginning of document.
3.D.1.c.IE Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways.
3.D.1.c.IE Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement.
3.D.1.d In multicellular organisms, signal transduction pathways coordinate the activities within individual
cells that support the function of the organism as a whole.
3.D.1.d.IE Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals. (in Bozeman video)
3.D.1.d.IE Temperature determination of sex in some vertebrate organisms
3.D.1.d.IE DNA repair mechanisms
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance
via chemical signaling.
3.D.2.a Cells communicate by cell to cell contact
3.D.2.a. IE Immune cells interact by cell to cell contact, antigen presenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells
and killer T-cells.
3.D.2.a. IE Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell.
3.D.2.b Cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity
of the emitting cell.
3.D.2.b.IE Neurotransmitters
3.D.2.b.IE Plant immune responses
3.D.2.b.IE Quorum sensing in bacteria (Bozeman video)
3.D.2.b.IE Morphogens in embryonic development (HOX genes – will discuss in development chapter)
3.D.2.c Signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type.
3.D.2.c.1 Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are
specific and can travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of the body.
3.D.2.c.1.IE Insulin, HGH, Thyroid Hormone, Testosterone, Estrogen. (we will cover in endocrine chapter)
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response. Bozeman videos
3.D.3.a. Signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein.
Bozeman video
3.D.3.a.1 Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers, which can be peptides, small
chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one relationship.
3.D.3.a.2 A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein’s shape to
change, which initiates transduction of the signal. Bozeman video
3.D.3.a.2 IE G-protein linked receptors Bozeman video
plus
3.D.3.a.2. IE Ligand-gated ion channels
3.D.3.a.2 IE Receptor tyrosine kinases
3.D.3.b Signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response.
3.D.3.b.1 Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to cell targets, often amplifying the incoming
signals, with the result of appropriate response by the cell.
3.D.3.b.2 Second messengers are often essential to the function of the cascade. We will see this
diagram in endocrine chapter
Examples of second messengers:
3.D.3.b.2.IE Ligand-gated ion channels.
3.D.3.b.2.IE Second-messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+) and inositol
triphosphate (IP3)
3.D.3.b.3 Many signal transduction pathways include:
i. Protein modifications (IE: how methylation changes the signaling process)
ii. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein kinases add a phosphate group to the next
protein in the cascade sequence.
3.D.4 Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
3.D.4.a. Conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative
or prophylactic.
Examples:
3.D.4.a.IE Diabetes (sugar interring cells), heart disease (electric signals between gap junctions not going
through), neurological disease (defect at synapse), autoimmune disease (immune system not recognizing
self from not self), cancer (proliferation of cells), cholera (bacterial problem in digestive)
3.D.4.a.IE Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides.
3.D.4.a.IE Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines and Birth Control Drugs)
Endocrine
ENDOCRINE:
2.C.1.c Alteration in the mechanisms of feedback often results in deleterious consequences. For
example: Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased insulin; Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH); Grave's disease. (thyroid)
3.D.2.c.1 Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are
specific and can travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of the body. Such as: Insulin,
Human Growth Hormone, Thyroid Hormones, Testosterone, Estrogen.
2.A.1.d.2 Reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance
and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy availability.
IE: Seasonal reproduction in animals, and Life-history strategy (reproductive dipause)